LoRa is a
Longe
Range
modulation
technique at the physical layer used for long-range, low-power
communications links.
LoRaWAN
is a media access protocol (mac) that sits on top of the LoRa
physical layer within the framework of LoRAWAN Architecture.
LoRa uses a proprietary spread
spectrum modulation that is similar to and a derivative of chirp
spread spectrum (CSS) modulation.
The spread spectrum LoRa modulation is
performed by representing each bit of payload information by
multiple chirps of information. The rate at which the spread
information is sent is referred to as the symbol rate, the ratio
between the nominal symbol rate and chirp rate is the spreading
factor (SF) and represents the number of symbols sent per bit of
information. The result is an M-ary digital modulation, where the
M=2^SF possible waveforms at the output of the modulator are chirp
modulated signals over the frequency interval f_0-B/2, f_0+B/2 with
M different initial frequencies: the instantaneous frequency is
linearly increased, and then wrapped to f_0-B/2 when it reaches the
maximum frequency f_0+B/2.
LoRa uses license-free sub-gigahertz
radio frequency bands.
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