Optical Communications(OC):
Review of VCSELs for Complex Data-Format
Transmission Beyond 100-GBPS
Persistent efforts on developing
advanced and complex data algorithms to enable the
vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for data beyond
100-Gbit/s has been reviewed in this paper. This endeavor not
only elevates the bit rate of the IEEE802.3 standards for data
center applications but also to initiate the unification of data
format for wired and wireless network coverage. To date, the
highest allowable data rates of the single-VCSEL-based optical
link are 80 Gbit/s for the NRZ-OOK format under back-to-back (BtB)
transmission 168 Gbit/s for the PAM-4 format over 150-m OM5 MMF,
and the 224 Gbit/s for the QAM-OFDM format at BtB case. For the
high-level complex data-format transmission with rigorous demand
on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), this work demonstrates the
most up-to-date 32-ray quadrature amplitude modulation
generalized frequency division multiplexing (32-QAM GFDM) data
algorithm with optimized amplitude and K value for encoding the
multimode (MM) VCSEL. To achieve the higher spectral-usage
efficiency based on the SNR spectrum for maximal transmission
data rate, the bit-loading discrete multi-tone (DMT) technique
is implemented by rearranging each subcarrier to the appropriate
QAM levels. By utilizing 32-QAM GFDM and bit-loading DMT, the
maximal data rate in the BtB case could respectively achieve
119.5 Gbit/s and 130 Gbit/s when operating the MM VCSEL at 55
°C. The transmission capacity of the VCSEL operated at 55 °C
would decrease to 93.8 Gbit/s for 32-QAM GFDM and 83 Gbit/s for
bit-loading DMT after propagating through OM5 MMF with modal
dispersion.
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